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Foundation Concepts : Information Systems in Business

7:21 PMUnknown

Information systems have become as integrated into our daily business activities as accounting, finance, operations management, marketing, human resource management, or any other major business function. Information systems and technologies are vital components of successful businesses and organizations—some would say they are business imperatives. They thus constitute an essential field of study in business administration and management, which is why most business majors include a course in information systems. Since you probably intend to be a manager, entrepreneur, or business professional, it is just as important to have a basic understanding of information systems as it is to understand any other functional area in business.
Information technologies, including Internet-based information systems, are playing vital and expanding roles in business. Information technology can help all kinds of businesses improve the efficiency and effectiveness of their business processes, managerial decision making, and workgroup collaboration, which strengthens their competitive positions in rapidly changing marketplaces. This benefit occurs irrespective of whether the information technology is used to support product development teams, customer support processes, e-commerce transactions, or any other business activity. Information technologies and systems are, quite simply, an essential
ingredient for business success in today’s dynamic global environment.
If we are to understand information systems and their functions, we first need to be clear on the concept of a system. In its simplest form, a system is a set of interrelated components, with a clearly defined boundary, working together to achieve a common set of objectives. Using this definition, it becomes easy to see that virtually everything you can think of is a system, and one system can be made up of other systems or be part of a bigger system.
An information system (IS) can be any organized combination of people, hardware, software, communications networks, data resources, and policies and procedures that stores, retrieves, transforms, and disseminates information in an organization. People rely on modern information systems to communicate with one another using a variety of physical devices (hardware) , information processing instructions and procedures (software) , communications channels (networks) , and stored data (data resources) . Although today’s information systems are typically thought of as having something to do with computers, we have been using information systems since the dawn of civilization. Even today we make regular use of information systems that have nothing to do with a computer. Consider some of the following examples of information systems:
  • Smoke signals for communication were used as early as recorded history and can account for the human discovery of fire. The pattern of smoke transmitted valuable information to others who were too far to see or hear the sender.
  • Card catalogs in a library are designed to store data about the books in an organized manner that allows readers to locate a particular book by its title, author name, subject, or a variety of other approaches.
  • Your book bag, day planner, notebooks, and file folders are all part of an information system designed to help you organize the inputs provided to you via handouts, lectures, presentations, and discussions. They also help you process these inputs into useful outputs: homework and good exam grades.
  • The cash register at your favorite fast-food restaurant is part of a large information system that tracks the products sold, the time of a sale, inventory levels, and the amount of money in the cash drawer; it also contributes to the analysis of product sales in any combination of locations anywhere in the world.
  • A paper-based accounting ledger as used before the advent of computer-based accounting systems is an iconic example of an information system. Businesses used this type of system for centuries to record the daily transactions and to keep a record of the balances in their various business and customer accounts.

Five areas of IS knowledge are:
  • Foundation Concepts. Fundamental behavioral, technical, business, and managerial concepts about the components and roles of information systems. Examples include basic information system concepts derived from general systems theory or competitive strategy concepts used to develop business applications of information technology for competitive advantage.
  • Information Technologies. Major concepts, developments, and management issues in information technology—that is, hardware, software, networks, data management, and many Internet-based technologies.
  • Business Applications. The major uses of information systems for the operations, management, and competitive advantage of a business.
  • Development Processes. How business professionals and information specialists plan, develop, and implement information systems to meet business opportunities.
  • Management Challenges. The challenges of effectively and ethically managing information technology at the end-user, enterprise, and global levels of a business.

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